Dubose Heyward, songwriter: Reference Sources

Stephen Sondheim.
Finishing the Hat: Collected Lyrics (1954-1981) with Attendant Comments, Principles, Heresies, Grudges, Whines and Anecdotes. New York: Alfred A. Knoph, 2010.

Although Dubose Heyward, poet, playwright and librettist, was a central figure in both the Charleston and the Southern Renaissance, and his influence extended to the Harlem Renaissance, he is remembered mostly for his role in bringing Porgy and Bess into being. Heyward, a native of Charleston, South Carolina, wrote Porgy (1925) a best selling novel, the story of which underpins both the subsequent Theater Guild dramatic production of 1927 that he co-wrote with his wife Dorothy Heyward and the opera Porgy and Bess. Heyward proposed the idea of an operatic version of Porgy to the Gershwins even before the play was mounted, which only after a series of delays for legal and other reasons they were finally able to take up, create and get produced in 1935.

When George Gershwin did undertake the project, he traveled, as Heyward suggested he should, to South Carolina living with Heyward in Charleston and then in a shack on Folly Island off the South Carolina coast in order to absorb the Gullah culture he needed to experience deeply the roots of the story as well gain a feel for the music he was writing. He found there "what Heyward called 'an inexhaustible source of folk material'" (Zinsser, p. 96).

Heyward was originally intended to write only the libretto for the opera, but as his involvement grew his poetic inclinations led him to write lyrics for George Gershwin's melodies. Heyward received sole credit for the lyrics for Porgy and Bess songs such as "Summertime," "Bess, You Is My Woman, Now," and my "My Man's Gone Now," and co-credit with Ira Gershwin for others. As William Zinsser put it, "Heyward's are the 'poetic' songs like 'Summertime' rich in Southern imagery. Few American lyrics are so fondly remembered:

Summertime and the livin' is easy, Fish are jumping and the cotton is high . . .

"Ira Gershwin couldn't have written that lyric--fish and cotton weren't his domain--and Heyward couldn't have written Ira's 'It Ain't Necessarily So.' Zinsser also notes that in their collaborations "Heyward was grateful for Ira's vast experience and skill, Ira Grateful for Heyward's knowledge of the Negro community and vernacular" (Zinsser, p. 96).

Although Stephen Sondheim comments that poets tend to be poor lyricists, he makes an exception for Heyward of whom he says, "Heyward's lyrics for Porgy and Bess are, as a set, the most beautiful and powerful in our musical-theater history. This is chiefly owing to the fact that although he was a poet rather than a lyricist, his verse was colloquial enough for the medium, and George Gershwin was a collaborator inventive enough to set what he wrote with minimum changes and maximum force" (Sondheim, pp. 19, 176).

Overall, Heyward had a hand in writing in the neighborhood of three-quarters of the songs for the show including all of the lyrics for the first act. Before the Heywards (Dubose and Dorothy) had a chance to work with the Gershwins again, as they had hoped to do, George died in 1937, Dubose in 1940.

• Bess, You Is My Woman, Now
• I Got Plenty O' Nuthin'
• I Loves You, Porgy
• My Man's Gone Now
• Summertime

Research Resources: Dubose Heyward

• Amazon (publications by and about, recordings, videos, sheet music, etc.)
• Cafe Songbook (page for George Gershwin)
• DBOPM (Database Of Popular Music: song list; awards; hit songs; co-writers)
• Internet Broadway Database (Broadway productions and song credits);
• Internet Movie Database (brief biography, filmography, movie song credits);
• New York Public Library (catalog entries for books, personal papers, recordings, scores, etc.)
• The New York Times (articles about or related to the songwriter)
• NPR Music (archive of relevant programs often including audio segments)
• PBS.org (biography, with related web and teacher resources)
• Wikipedia (Dubose Hayward article)
• ASCAP Biographical Dictionary, New York: American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, Cattell/Bowker, Fourth edition, 1980 (dates, collaborators, shows/movies, songs, etc., entry p. 227)
• Hollis Alpert. The Life and Times of Porgy and Bess: The Story of an American Classic . New York: Knoph, 1990.
• Thomas S. Hischak. Word Crazy: Broadway Lyricists from Cohan to Sondheim. New York: Praeger, 1991 (pp.).
• James M. Hutchisson, DuBose Heyward: A Charleston Gentleman and the World of Porgy and Bess, Jackson, MS: Univiersity Press of Mississippi, 2000 (abstract).
• William Zinsser. Easy to Remember The Great American Songwriters and Their Songs. Jaffrey, New Hampshire: David R. Godine, 2001 (pp. 96-98).
• Stephen Sondheim. Finishing the Hat: Collected Lyrics (1954-1981) with Attendant Comments, Principles, Heresies, Grudges, Whines and Anecdotes. New York: Alfred A. Knoph, 2010 (multiple references to Heyward).
• "Dusk": David Farrow
• "The Buzzard Song": CodexTheodosianus

Notes

• Porgy and Bess selections (sheet music)

Cite this page: Dubose Heyward, songwriter: Reference Sources, Cafe Songbook, https://greatamericansongbook.net/pages/songwriters/h_i_sws/heyward_dubose.html